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A toxicity assessment examines the potential effects on humans of exposure to various substances, including food additives, chemicals, cosmetics, combustion products, pharmaceuticals, metals and organic compounds. Toxicity evaluation evaluates the potential for adverse health effects using methods that are consistent with current scientific knowledge on toxicology. The value of a toxicity assessment depends upon an understanding of the importance of data generation in supporting risk management decisions at all levels─from individual decisions concerning personal protection to legislative actions involving product regulation. A consideration of the study design needs to be taken into account when evaluating studies examining water quality or environmental exposure. Variations in the specific toxicity tests being performed can affect the outcome of the study. For example, acute toxicity tests are used to assess the effect that a chemical will have on an experimental animal. An acute toxicity test is not designed to provide information on chronic effects or potential carcinogenicity. However, if information is needed to include in risk assessments, then it may be necessary to use both types of testing. This assessment can arise from several sources:Regulatory bodies have standards for the maximum allowable concentrations of toxicants in water systems. Legislation concerning drinking water quality is often based on international standards. Information on drinking water standards may also be obtained from the World Health Organization or regional authorities. The National Library of Medicine's TOXNET provides references for toxicology, hazard assessment of chemicals, and environmental health and safety of chemicals. The European Union regulatory website provides an overview on current drinking water standards. Several scientists developed information on possible drinking water contaminants, including the following scientists: Hans Aasum (NO/US), Rudolf Hjelmqvist (SE), Vittorio Ortona (IT), Barry Parsons MBE (UK) and David Rounsevell OBE (UK). A toxicologist is an expert in the effects of chemicals on living organisms. Toxicologists undertake testing and research into the hazards of chemicals, biological agents and hazardous materials. The term "toxicologist" is also used informally to refer to a person with knowledge in this field (e.g., "pediatric toxicologist"), but this usage is not generally considered correct. Toxicology studies are used in all types of water treatment processes. Some of these processes include: filtering, coagulation, flocculation, ozonation, softening, disinfection, distillation, ultraviolet sterilization and others. Treatment of wastewater involves physical, chemical, and biological processes. Biological treatment systems use toxicology studies to prevent the growth of harmful organisms in treatment systems. Detection methods are used to control the levels of toxicants before it is discharged into the environment. These detection methods include:Toxicology studies are used in all types of water purification processes. Some examples include:Wastewater treatment facilities must plan for future needs by locating sufficient land area to accommodate expansion requirements and by updating their process designs on a regular basis to incorporate new environmental regulations. 8eeb4e9f32 43